Nearly two-thirds of those markers were newly identified, and the team also compared thousands of siblings and parent-child pairs to reduce confounding from non-genetic factors.
The findings reinforce that personality is shaped by thousands of small genetic effects rather than a few dominant genes, giving researchers stronger statistical tools to probe underlying biology.
Common variants still explain only about 5% to 10% of personality differences, with scientists stressing that genes and life experience interact continuously rather than splitting neatly into nature-versus-nurture shares.